Leadership Capability Free Essay Example, 2000 words

Leadership Profile If presented with as much information as possible when dealing with the abstract ideas, the problem is likely to improve. Having the information will help the leader have more confidence in the idea to the point of making use of the idea. When a leader makes a point of doing the research individually, this will also increase the level of confidence among employees (Godwyn and Gittell, 2011). The fact that the leader is involved in what employees are doing and stipulates the ways in which the goals are achieved, shows that he is a suitable leader. Being able to involve everyone in the course of work ensures that everyone is content with the decisions made. Thinking about the organizational values enables the business to grow both socially and economically. Making subordinates part of problem solving will have a positive effect in their levels of confidence. Chapter 4: Style Approach The style approach deals with how the leader organizes and deals with group working. The overall score after evaluation is 42. This is rated as a high score. The ability of the leader to effectively deal with group working is crucial especially in organizations where most work is done in groups. We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership Capability or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now More success will be gained if the leader is able to organize the group members to work towards a general goal. The leader has a high score in average but there are some areas that need to be improved. In this section, the leader needs to improve on social aspect of being a leader. It is clear that he is not in a position to solve the problems between the employee, is not friendly and is not interested in the well being of the group members as well as it should be. This shows that the leader uses a dictatorial approach. In this type of approach the leader does not see the importance of having an emotional approach to the subordinates. Leadership Profile The leader needs to create a personal relationship within the group. Having a good relationship between a leader and group members is important to ensuring that they are efficient in working. The leader should make use of the various methods of solving conflicts between the group members. He should try and engage the group members in social events that will help bonding. The leader of the group also has a few strong points. One of the strong points is that he stipulates what he expects from the group members. Explaining the role of each member in the group gives each member a sense of direction. Both of these area will also ensure that incase anything goes wrong they will know the origin and work from there.

A Memoir Of The Senses By Isabel Allende - 1127 Words

If you like cooking, food, sex and humor then you will most definitely enjoy The Epicure’s Lament by Kate Christianson and Aphrodite: A Memoir of the Senses by Isabel Allende. I enjoyed both books for the most part. More so Epicure’s Lament than Aphrodite: A Memoir of the Senses. Here’s my breakdown of both books and how they differ and how they are similar. To start off both authors are women. Although after reading both novels, both authors don’t seem very similar to me. Christianson comes off to me as more edgy and loose. And although her books extremely sexual, I think Allende’s is older, maybe middle age. The reason I think that is when I read this book I picture her as an older cougar who knows just what she wants. I like Christianson better. She reminds me of myself and I think she would be a lot of fun to hang out with. To be fair though I’ve only read just these two books by the authors. I do plan to read more of Christianson’ s work though. I absolutely love Greek mythology. I actually took a Greek mythology class at Tidewater Community College. So when I found out we had to read Aphrodite, I was extremely excited. Aphrodite is supposed to be the goddess of love, desire and beauty. But this book is not about Greek mythology. Although it does remind me Aphrodite with all the sexual stories and pictures. If there was a Greek goddess that had to do with food and sex that would of been perfect for this book. Allende’s book is supposed to be a memoir but it’s more ofShow MoreRelated Silence as Power in The House of the Spirits and Madame Bovary1440 Words   |  6 Pagesof an argument and do not have the ability to restrain themselves from bursting. Similarly, In The House of the Spirits and Madame Bovary, Isabel Allende and Gustave Flaubert emphasize the symbol of silence in order to emphasize the lack of power from which Esteban and Charles suffer within their families, within society, and within their marriages. Allende distances Esteban from his family by wedging silence between them as a barrier. As Esteban’s marriage to Clara declines, Esteban notes, â€Å"SheRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesthe era as a whole—the advance and retreat of the process of globalization. 8 †¢ INTRODUCTION Exploring the forces that explain this dynamic not only helps to explain some of the apparent paradoxes that bedevil those who aspire to make sense of the history of planet Earth over a span of more than a hundred years but also provides the basis for maintaining a semblance of continuity despite the genuinely cataclysmic break points that obscure the century’s fundamental unity. CH APTER

The Bell Jar free essay sample

Research Paper: The Bell Jar, By: Sylvia Plath Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar is a work of fiction that spans a six month time period in the life of the protagonist and narrator, Esther Greenwood. The novel tells of Esther’s battle against her oppressive surroundings and her ever building madness, this is the central conflict throughout the narrative. After coming home from a month in New York as a guest editor for a magazine, Esther begins to have trouble with everyday activities such as reading, writing and even sleeping. Her mental state decreases rapidly until she eventually attempts suicide. During the rest of the novel Esther recounts her experiences in recovery until she finally plans to leave the hospital. Even though Esther’s condition seems stable at this point, she is aware that her depression could return at any time. Critic’s reviews regarding the novel offer various points of view and ideas pertaining to The Bell Jar. Critic Diane S. Bond writes of society’s stereotypes of women, and how this was a main factor in Esther’s madness. She explains how instead of being her own person, Esther conforms to the role that is culturally engrained in society, in other words she does what she believes is expected of her. Bond describes how, â€Å"Esther fails to establish an autonomous, or separative, self, and ultimately resorts to culturally-ingrained stereotypes of women† (49). While Bond blames society’s expectations for the heroines breakdown, Paula Bennett blames the time period of the 50’s, â€Å"The oppressive atmosphere of the 1950s and the soul-destroying effect this atmosphere could have on ambitious, high-minded young women like Plath† (223). There are many examples from the book that support these ideas. While in New York, Esther is concerned because she is not enjoying herself. She feels that she should be excited and accomplished like the other girls, however she finds her work pointless and she feels lost. Basically, Esther believes something is wrong with her because she is not living up to society’s expectations of how she should feel. While the novel offers a variety of elements to be focused on, the author’s use of symbolism is quite fascinating. Some of the symbols used include the fig tree, newspaper headlines, the beating heart, and more importantly, the bell jar. The fig tree is a representation of life choices available to Esther. Newspaper headlines appear often throughout the novel, usually symbolizing something different each time. For example, at one point, the headlines represent Esther’s effect on others around her. The human body’s physical longing to live is represented by the beating heart. When Esther attempts suicide, she takes note of the sound of her beating heart and connects it with her body not allowing her to kill herself. The most obvious and significant symbol is the bell jar. Not only is this the name of the book, but the bell jar represents the main character’s madness. As Esther feels emotionally unstable, she views herself as trapped under a bell jar enable to escape. Symbolism is a very important element in this novel, as it gives readers insight regarding Esther’s feelings and helps Plath convey abstract ideas essential to the novel. The fig tree is mentioned in the beginning of the novel. Esther has a book of short stories, and reads a tale about a Jewish man and a nun who meet every afternoon under a fig tree. The nun and the Jewish man are in love; however their relationship is obviously doomed. At first the fig tree represents Esther’s relationship with Buddy Willard. Before Esther met Buddy she thought for sure she was in love with him. However after they met and got to know each other, Esther grew to hate Buddy. This is somewhat like the fig tree story because as the nun and Jewish man were picking figs, they see a chick hatch, their hands touched. After this the nun never comes out to pick figs again. Esther mentions that the moment she realized that she loathed Buddy Willard was the day that they saw a baby being born. Obviously there is a connection between the chick hatching and the baby being born. One critic explains that, â€Å"The fig tree corresponds to the natural, biological rhythms of her own heart and mind. But as her recollection of the fig tree is affected by her relationships to Buddy, the tree not only loses its seductive power, but it comes to image Esthers paralyzed imagination. Adding up all the things [she] couldnt do and feeling dreadfully inadequate, Esther sees her life branching out . . . like the green fig-tree in the story (Budick 881). Budick considers the fig tree as not only a representation of Esther’s involvement with Buddy, but as a symbol of choices that face Esther as well. In the novel Esther imagines each fig on the tree as a different path she can take in her life. She wants to choose all of them, however she can only choose one. As the heroine is plagued with uncertainty on which path, or fig, to choose, all of the figs die and fall from the tree. Esther associates this with the possibilities in her life slowly disappearing as time passes. Another critic, Marjorie Perloff, relates to Plath’s character, â€Å"I would guess that every woman who reads this passage has felt, at one time or another, that choosing one meant losing all the rest, that because female roles are no longer clearly defined, women are confronted by such a bewildering variety of seeming possibilities that choice itself becomes all but impossible. † (517). The fig tree clearly represents certain aspects of the main character’s life. This symbol helps readers identify with Esther as well as understand her character better. Critics agree that there are many parallels between the fig tree and Esther’s life, such as her relationship with Buddy Willard, and her inability to choose a specific path in her life. Newspaper headlines are mentioned throughout the novel. In chapter 16, Joan shows Esther newspaper articles and clippings about her disappearance. There were initial articles about Esther, the missing girl, the rest led up to the last article, which described the discovery of the girl in a dark hole in the basement, moaning and sick from overdosing on pills. Joan explains that reading these articles inspired her to go to New York and commit suicide. Although she didn’t succeed in killing herself, Joan’s behavior shows how much of an impact Esther’s madness has on the lives of others. According to Paula Bennett, â€Å"These headlines symbolize Esther’s exposure, her effect on others, and the gap between Esther’s interpretation of experiences and the world’s interpretation of them. First, they show Esther that the public knows about her behavior—she does not act in a vacuum, but in the interested eye of the world† (103). Newspaper headlines are a representation of the conflict between Esther’s experience of herself and others’ experience of her. For example, Esther sees the incident of her attempted suicide as only pain and swallowing pills in the darkness; however, others see a shocking story of a missing girl, a search party, and the astounding discovery of Esther in her own basement. Plath clearly uses the newspaper headlines to express Esther’s skewed perceptions of how things really are, as well as the consequences of her actions on not only herself ut others as well, even those who are strangers, like Joan. After Esther’s numerous suicide attempts, she becomes convinced that she would easily succeed if it wasn’t for her body’s will to live. She states that she could kill herself effortlessly if it wasn’t for the â€Å"tricks and ruses of her body. † In one part in particular, Esther tries to drown herself by swimming towards a rock far of f the shore. Every time she sinks to the bottom her body floats to the top. During this incident Esther hears her heart beating, and she puts it to the words, â€Å"I am, I am, I am. This beating heart is a representation of Esther’s failed suicide attempts and the human desire to survive (Perloff 518). The main character recalls another suicide attempt at the ski slopes with Buddy Willard. She purposely flies down a hill that she knows she cannot handle, but instead of plummeting to her death she breaks her leg. This critic, Budick, shares views slightly similar to Perloff’s, however Budick explains the beating heart as the cycle of healing and rebirth, â€Å"The repetitive beat of her heart asserts both identity (I) and existence (am). Its triple repetition recalls Dr. Nolans naming of Esther three times. It signals not only the fact of Esthers rebirth but the rhythm that will define it and the power that will control it. The beat or brag is not, like an electrical, spermatic charge (or even like a literal birth), a one-time expulsion of self outward. It is a continuous, repeating, loving pulsation that heals and births in the same process. And the force that supervises it is the self. Esther causes her own deep breath and listens to her own heart† (883). While Esther views her inability to kill herself, or her beating heart, as a hindrance, Budick explains the beating heart as helpful and even loving towards Esther. Even though she believes she really wants to die, her beating heart that pushes her forward through bad times really helps her heal and eventually escape her insanity. Though not all critics agree on what exactly the heartbeat represents, it still proves to be a noteworthy symbol in the work. The most obvious and significant symbol in the novel is the bell jar. For Esther, the bell jar represents her insanity, or â€Å"madness. † When plagued with insanity, she feels as though she is trapped inside an airtight jar that warps her views and thoughts on the world and does not allow her to connect or relate with those on the outside of the bell jar. At the end of the novel, the bell jar has lifted, but Esther senses that it â€Å"still hovers over her, waiting to drop at any moment. † There are many examples in the book that illustrate how Esther’s views are twisted while seeing things from inside the bell jar. Mrs. Greenwood, Esther’s Mother, attempts to help her on many occasions, but instead of seeing her mother’s gestures as loving or caring, Esther develops hatred towards her. Mostly due to her mental illness, Esther behaves selfishly. She does not consider the effect her suicide attempts have on her mother, or on her friends. Her own terrifying world totally occupies her thoughts (Bond 120). In other words, this critic is saying that when Esther is â€Å"under the bell jar† her behavior is not rational, and her selfish behavior is an example of her inability to connect with others. When Esther is at the beach with her friends, she feels like an outsider, watching everything that goes on. Instead of being herself and connecting with others, she focuses on trying to act normal, as if nothing is wrong with her, this obviously shows Esther’s inability to relate to those outside of the bell jar. According to Perloff, â€Å"Sylvia Plath is no silly sentimentalist; she knows quite well that her heroine is different from most college girls, that her bell jar is less fragile, less easy to remove than theirs. But the external or official distinction between madness and sanity, she suggests in her linkage of physical and mental illness, is largely illusory† (517). Perloff’s quote directly supports the theory that Plath uses the bell jar to represent the main character’s madness and her loss of touch with reality. The entire novel is centered around the bell jar, not only is this symbol mentioned frequently throughout the work, but it is used as the title of the novel as well. In general, I agree with the critic’s opinions on the novel’s symbolism, however there are some things that could be added to their analysis of certain ideas. For example, the fact that the novel started out with Esther’s reaction to the Rosenberg’s execution in all of the newspapers is of some importance, especially pertaining to the symbolism of newspaper headlines. The fact that Esther obsesses over this, supports the idea that newspaper headlines symbolize Esther’s view of things as opposed to society’s view of things. While the majority of the population felt that the Rosenberg couple were getting what they deserved, Esther expressed sympathy for them. Other than that, the critics shared many of my own perceptions of Plath’s symbolism. Plath’s use of symbolism is key in communicating abstract ideas in The Bell Jar. Without symbols such as the fig tree, the heartbeat, newspaper headlines, and the bell jar, many of the novels messages would be lost. For example, the bell jar and its representation of Esther’s madness give readers a vivid picture of what it feels like to lose one’s sanity. Without this symbol it would be hard to put the feeling into words. The bell jar is a perfect symbol of madness. The fig tree plays a significant role in expressing the idea that â€Å"if you choose one, you lose the rest†. While most people have experienced his feeling, Plath’s use of the fig tree gets the point across gracefully and effectively. Obviously symbolism plays a vital role in The Bell Jar. Works Cited Bennett, Paula. My life, a loaded gun : Dickinson, Plath, Rich, and female creativity. Boston: Beacon Press. Bond, Diane. â€Å"The Separative Self in Sylvia Plaths The Bell Jar. † Women’s Studies Vol. 18 (1990): 49-64. JSTOR. Harford Community Coll. Lib. 2 Apr. 2008 . Budick, Miller. â€Å"The Feminist Discourse of Sylvia Plaths the Bell Jar. † College English. Vol. 49. 8 (1987): 872-885. JSTOR. Harford Community Coll. Lib. 2 Apr. 2008 . Perloff, Marjorie. â€Å"A Ritual for Being Born Twice: Sylvia Plath’s The Bell Jar. † Contemporary Literature. Vol. 13. 4. (1972): 507-522.

Occupational Hazards Essay Example For Students

Occupational Hazards Essay The Employees seem to be unaware about the relationship of their health and their work. Even if the worker is aware of the link between his health and his occupation he may not be able to prove it because sometimes it may take decades for the symptoms of the disease to raise their ugly head. Some hazards in workplaces tend to be quite subtle and may take months or years of repeated exposure in order for effects to become apparent. In such a long time period it is understandably quite difficult to point to ones occupation as the cause of ones ill-health. For example suppose a worker might also happen to be a smoker it proves to be an impossible task to pinpoint ones occupation as the sole reasons for ones deteriorating health. Even if an Employee is aware of the possible dangers his job poses he still is responsible to make a living for himself and his family. In some cases it seems to be a choice between earning a living and your health. An Employee generally tends to choose the one that has an immediate demand namely to make an earning, thus compromising his health in the bargain. An Employee also feels the lack of support form the Legal system. He feels there are not enough laws made to protect him as a worker. Fortunately things are changing for the better, as the Employees get more aware of their rights. Employees are now granted basic rights such as Right to refuse to work in a place only if he considers it to be unsafe; Right to participate in the Workplace Health and Safety activities; Right to be informed about, actual and potential dangers in the workplace. Together with that Employees have to fulfill certain responsibilities as well, which include responsibility to use personal protective equipment and clothing as directed by the Employer; responsibility to report Workplace Hazards and dangers; responsibility to work in a manner as required by the Employer and use the prescribed safety equipment. Most of the Employers also seem to be unaware of the possible health risks their Employees might be subjected to. However, even when Employers are aware of a definite link between the Occupation and Ill health they hesitate to take enough precautions for cost reasons. They feel that more resources, money, time and effort pumped into making the working conditions safer will most likely make their product less competitive in the market. Sometimes it may demand from the Employers to completely or partially redesign his plant, for example, to accommodate the demands of making the workplace safer for his employees. It might also involve alteration in the Production Techniques to reduce the risk involved in a particular occupation. Making available Safety Equipment like suits, rubber gloves, boots, masks etc. ; Training the workers seems to increase the cost of the product they are producing. It reduces the Profit and the Balance Sheet does not seem so pretty. They tend to compromise their Employees health in favour of producing a competitively priced product. They defend their position by saying that no single organization has the resources necessary to conduct Occupational Safety and Health research to adequately serve the needs of its Employees. However, what they fail to recognize is the cost of disabling injuries and illness in the workplace leads to rising insurance costs and a workforce demanding adequate compensation makes this a vital issue expressed in terms of financial and human loss. These costs are reflected in the loss of valued employees, low employee morale, compromised safety, reduced productivity and the potential for lengthy, expensive litigation. .uaa10ca2697990522240691a69fe22619 , .uaa10ca2697990522240691a69fe22619 .postImageUrl , .uaa10ca2697990522240691a69fe22619 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uaa10ca2697990522240691a69fe22619 , .uaa10ca2697990522240691a69fe22619:hover , .uaa10ca2697990522240691a69fe22619:visited , .uaa10ca2697990522240691a69fe22619:active { border:0!important; } .uaa10ca2697990522240691a69fe22619 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uaa10ca2697990522240691a69fe22619 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uaa10ca2697990522240691a69fe22619:active , .uaa10ca2697990522240691a69fe22619:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uaa10ca2697990522240691a69fe22619 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uaa10ca2697990522240691a69fe22619 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uaa10ca2697990522240691a69fe22619 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uaa10ca2697990522240691a69fe22619 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uaa10ca2697990522240691a69fe22619:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uaa10ca2697990522240691a69fe22619 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uaa10ca2697990522240691a69fe22619 .uaa10ca2697990522240691a69fe22619-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uaa10ca2697990522240691a69fe22619:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Attribute of humanity Essay An Employer has a lot of responsibilities to fulfill namely take every reasonable precaution to ensure the workplace is safe; to train employees about any potential hazards; how to safely use, handle, store and dispose of hazardous substances; how to handle emergencies; supply personal protective equipment and ensure workers know how to use the equipment safely and properly. Employers shall take all reasonable precautions, under the particular circumstances, to prevent injuries or accidents in the workplace. An employer must also implement a plan to identify possible workplace hazards and carry out the appropriate corrective action to prevent a ccidents or injuries arising from these hazards. The recognition and control of Hazards in the Workplace should be the prime responsibility of every Companys Safety and Health plan. The fault may also lie with the Health and Care Professionals. A substantial proportion of medical history-taking in hospital wards or general practices in relation to Occupation and Health is grossly inadequate. From the Workers of The Agricultural lands, to the Workers of Iron and Coal mills through the era of Industrial revolution the history of Occupational Health is that of a struggle between workers fighting for protection and preventative measures or compensation, and their employers seeking to deny or reduce their liability for work-related diseases and injuries. This conflict has greatly influenced statistical reporting. As a result, the burden of disease due to occupational exposures is normally underestimated. Many doctors might not have the knowledge to permit them to associate ill-health with possible occupational exposures. Doctors may thus lack the skills and time to investigate, report and act on their suspicions, or those of their patients.

British military measures and the restriction free essay sample

First, Parliamentary taxation prompted the Americans to rebel the most. The Sugar Act, the Stamp Act, and the Townsend Duties were the primary taxes and duties that ultimately led the colonists to rebel. The Sugar Act of 1 764 was a tax designed to eliminate French and Spanish trade by raising duties on molasses. The act was designed with the intent of raising money to pay one- fifth of the military expenses in North America brought on by the French and Indian War. The Sugar Act raised the tax on molasses and sugar from the amount they initially taxed in the Molasses Act of 1733.The tax came to be cause Britain not only wanted to make up for the money she had been losing to the Triangular Trade, but also in order to make money for the crown. The significance of the Sugar Act is that it infuriated colonists over the increased tax on imported sweeteners. We will write a custom essay sample on British military measures and the restriction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Stamp Act of 1765 was a tax on all printed works. It forced Americans to have a stamp affixed to newspapers, all legal documents, and even Bibles. This act angered many colonists because it was an internal tax, meaning it affected everyone. Being an internal tax made the effects much broader than they would have been if the tax were external, r only applied to a specific group of people like merchants. However, everyone was subject to it. The colonists established the Stamp Act Congress and created the Virginia Resolves to demand its repeal. The significance of the Stamp Act crisis is that it was the first event that united all of the colonies in their resistance to parliamentary authority and taxation without representation. The Townsend Duties of 1766 were various taxes on lead, paint, paper, and tea.Colonists felt that the increase in taxes was an abuse of Parliament. The significance of the Townsend Duties was that John Dickinson wrote Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania. Dickinson s book rekindled interest in the issue of taxation without representation and spread the belief that small taxes, such as the Townsend Duties, were a precedent for even larger taxes. Dickinson also inspired Samuel Adams to write the Massachusetts Circular Letter in 1768, which explained there was no difference between internal taxes and external taxes. Hence, Parliamentary taxation infuriated the colonists greatly.The restriction of civil liberties prompted the Americans to rebel for a good reason. Most, if not all, of the colonists who moved to the colonies were looking for freedom and a new start of life. Americans were extremely angry when the British took these rights away. As an effect of the French and Indian War, Britain enforced their control over the colonies by enforcing the Navigation Acts. Once the navigation acts were enforced, the Americans were furious because they felt this move was stifling their economic growth and preventing them from making more money.Also, Britain shut down Bosons port, reduced their powers of self-government, and permitted royal officers o be tried in other colonies or England for crimes they had been accused of in the Intolerable or Coercive acts of 1774. The Intolerable acts were a result of the Boston Tea party, which was a result of the Tea Act of 1773 (an act that gave the East India Co. An exclusive monopoly on tea thus eliminating the middleman, colonial merchants). The Quartering Act or Mutiny Act of 1 765 forced colonists to provide food and shelter for the British troops.The troops were stationed in Massachusetts to protect the colonists from French and Indian attacks and also defend the frontiers. The colonists believed this invaded their privacy and also hurt their rights because the colonists did not have any choice but to accep t the soldiers into their home. They didnt have a choice because the New York assembly had been disbanded in 1767 due to the colonists defiance of the Mutiny Act. Colonists took their rights very seriously and were willing to go to extreme measures to defeat the chance of them being taken away.Finally, British military measures enraged the colonists, prompting them to rebel in 1776. After the Townsend Duties were repealed (except for the tax on tea), colonists in Boston harassed the new board of customs missioners to the point where the British government had to place four British troops inside the city. The British soldiers competed with colonists in many things, such as jobs. In 1 770, a mob of dockworkers began to throw rocks at the guards at the customs house. Captain Thomas Preston lined up his men in front of the building for protection. In the confusion, five men were killed, among them Crisps Attacks. Colonists considered the Boston Massacre a symbol of British oppression and brutality. Americans were trying to expand and the oppression from the British angered them. Three years later, in 1 773, colonists in Massachusetts protested against the British in the Boston Tea Party by dumping tea overboard. This was a result of the Tea Act. The Tea Act enraged merchants because they were cut out of the deal, meaning the company sold the tea directly to the colonists without a middleman (colonial merchants).When the British were informed about the Boston Tea Parry, Lord North punished Boston by enforcing the Coercive Acts. The Coercive Acts closed the port of Boston, allowed trials to be transferred to other countries, amended the state charter, and quartered British troops in Boston at the colonists expense. This angered the colonists because they had to provide quarters for the ones whose only purpose was to control the colonists rights. The Lexington Green and Concord events of 1775 encouraged the colonists to rebel even more.In April of 1775, General Thomas Gage ordered his men to seize weapons and capture rebels (John Hancock and Samuel Adams) in Concord. As the British advanced, a group of minutemen, forewarned by William Dates and Paul Revere, assembled in Lexington to stop the British in their tracks. The minutemen were forced to retreat. This allowed the British a way into Concord but the minutemen mustered up the strength to force the British to retreat, thus winning the Lexington Green battle. Guerilla tactics played a large role in the victory.This very battle started the Revolutionary War. Many Americans claimed the British fired the first, shot heard around the world, thus rallying numerous rebels all over the colonies. By analyzing the British military measures, the restriction of civil liberties, and Parliamentary taxes the British placed upon the colonies, one can conclude that the Parliamentary taxation prompted the colonists to rebel the most. Parliamentary taxation was the foundation upon which the military measures and restriction of civil liberties were built.

Peal Harbor essays

Peal Harbor essays The tragic events that took place on December 7, 1941, is a story that is in American History books everywhere. It is the date of the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese just before America entered World War II. In this paper, I will describe the events that eventually lead to Pearl Harbor, the attack itself, and the outcome of the attack. Before the attack, American Officials were becoming concerned about the rising power in the Far East. Because of this, the United States invited Great Britain, France, Japan and other nations to a conference in Washington, DC, that began on November of 1921, and ended February of 1922. In this meeting, each nation attending agreed to respect each others rights with regard to the possessions in the Pacific Ocean. Also, they agreed to guarantee Chinas independence and territorial integrity. There were military agreements as well, each nation having a limit put on their Navy according to size. In a solution worked out, Japan could have three ships for every five American ships, and every five British ships. To Japan, this seemed they had the smaller Navy, and the walked away feeling slighted, but in reality, they had Naval supremacy. America and Britain had ships scattered around the world, but Japan had ships mainly in the Pacific, so even though it seemed like they had gotten the raw end of the deal, they actually With the crash of the Stock Market in 1929, the United States wanted to focus solely on their problems and how to fix them. With that, they became increasingly isolated from Japan, and with the Japanese invading Manchuro, and the rise of Adolf Hitler in 1933, the US saw this as a crumbling world order, and wanted to take no part of it In 1936, the Japanese announced that they could no longer abide by the military agreements of 1922. It was somewhat obvious that Japan wanted to expand their empire, and wou...

How Art Influence the Exhibitions Musicals Drama Museums Essay

How Art Influence the Exhibitions Musicals Drama Museums - Essay Example Art has influenced architecture, music, exhibitions, museums, drama and a variety of other aspects of life. Therefore, this discussion seeks to establish the major influences that art have had on a variety of aspects in life, with a view to creating an appreciation of the relevance of art in life. Thus, the influence of art in exhibitions, musicals, drama, and museums form the subject of this discussion. The primary function of museums has been defined as that of collecting and preserving objects (Salamensky, 2012:72). Nevertheless, the truth remains that Museums are not simply involved in the mere collection of objects, but more specifically the collection and preservation of objects that might be of a relevant value to the society in terms of historical essence to the society, which needs to be passed over from one generation to the other (Duthie, 2013:n.p.). No wonder therefore that museums have been closely associated with archiving, since almost any of the objects that are collected and preserved in the museums has a certain relevant historical value, either at the time it is collected or in the future. Museums play the role of display of the relevant objects that have been collected and preserved for posterity. The Post-humanist Desire Exhibition on display graphic design has been applied to divide the exhibition into several themed sections, such as transformed human section, cloned human section, and the transgendered human section, thus graphic design has helped to present the divergent complex characteristics of human beings in the 21st century. The application of art in the Post-humanist Desire Exhibition on display is in the form art symbolism, where the welcoming message of the museum is made of a combination of the message â€Å"Welcome† with an addition of a gorgeous peacock to symbolize beauty (Culture Taiwan, 2013:n.p.). This combination of both textual and graphic art design is artistically interpreted to mean Beauty is everywhere a welcome guest† (Culture Taiwan, 2013:n.p.).

IN THE ESTATES OF NICKY AND LYDIA GRAY Case Study

IN THE ESTATES OF NICKY AND LYDIA GRAY - Case Study Example However a practitioner must advise the executors to publish an advertisement in the London Gazette and in the news paper having circulation in the district where the respective assets of the deceased are situate, for any liabilities owed by them. This is a requirement under section 27(1) of the Trustee Act 1925. As per what is known as Benjamin order 1, if it is not practicable to advertise, court should be approached for an order to distribute the estate assuming that all debts have been ascertained.2 As per s 34 and schedule 1 of Administration of Estates Act, it should be ensured that all debts are paid with due diligence, formal discharge or receipts for payments should be obtained and obtain a clearance certificate for tax liability on the estate of the deceased from the Capital Taxes office, and ensure that Department of Social Services does not have any claim on the estate,3 In addition any mortgage debt should be paid after payment of funeral expenses.4 Since it has been ment ioned that the Greenfield 'was left in trust for life ', it should be examined whether exemption from inheritance tax can be claimed under Trustees Act. The gift of violin to Beatrice will be exempted from Inheritance Tax if value is below 3,000, even though the deceased Nicky Gray had not survived for 7 years from the date of gift for availing exemption from the said tax. As the value of the Nicky Gray's property is said to be 500,000 as per the offer the executors in trust have received which is in excess of the 300,000, it is subject to Inheritance tax. The value of other assets also must be added to this value to compute inheritance tax which at present is 40% of the nil rate band of 300,000 for the year 2007-2008 and 350,000 thereafter upto April 2010. The executors may liable to pay the inheritance tax within six months of the testator's death and then only apply for Probate with evidence of having paid some or all of the tax due. The executors also should apply for probate in the probate court either in Principal Registry in London or in an applicable district probate court as the case may be and obtain a probate order from t he court. This is an authority conferred by the court on the executors to deal with the estate of the deceased in accordance with their Will. This will also help get access to Lydia Gray's bank account on being produced at the identified bank. Nicky Gray's Will Nicky's Green filed house is to be held in trust by Howard and Elaine Gray for life and then what ever is the remainder of the house will go to Alan Gray. Since Alan Gray is also one of the executors, he took the probate but is not taking any action. As Howard Gray and Elaine Gray who are ninety years old, they better appoint Administrators on their behalf to carry out the Will's administration. Subject to clarification regarding exemption from inheritance tax, it is only after the payment of inheritance tax, the court will issue grant with which the executors can deal with the property. The executors in order to pay the inheritance tax have to borrow money or meet from their own funds initially. They have to maintain an account for every beneficiary to see. They can distribute the balance amount of the estate after deducting the tax so paid and other expenses incurred and other liabilities paid if any. Under

Guide to Psychiatric Museum Synopsis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Guide to Psychiatric Museum Synopsis - Case Study Example Not only does it receive all of its funding and institutional support from Creedmoor, but all the artists (except for Bolek) use the hospital's services. According to Charlotte Seltzer, Creedmoor's director, Creedmoor has changed quite a bit since the mid-1970s when it earned its reputation as an institutional nightmare. Though still considered as the largest psychiatric hospital in New York City, Creedmoor has shrunk in the last three decades to one fifth its former patient population. At its height, Creedmoor had more than 7,000 patients. Structured craft and expressive art activities both have a place in treatment of mental health disorders. In structured crafts, the limits of repetitive and predictive project can offer reassurance to the fearful person and help contain anxiety. Patients seem to prefer projects with true boundaries, such as plastic "stained glass", sophisticated colored sheets, and mosaics. Completing these tasks successfully also provides a sense of mastery through accomplishment and increases patients' perceived sense of effectiveness. The more expressive artwork may offer a release of tensions through physical activity, such as ripping paper or using a stippling brush for painting de

Computer Network Fundamentals

Computer Network Fundamentals Harpreet Singh   Elements of computer communication. Computer Communication plays vital role to connecting two different devices and share the common information with each other and this information can be anything like text or video. To communicate from one computer to other it required some essential elements i.e. sender, receiver, medium, message and protocol. The Main parts or components of Data communication system are as Follows:- Sender Message Receiver Medium [ Communication channel ] Protocols Sender. The initial stage of communication is starts with sender. Sender is the person or machine who sends the message or start communicate with other devices. Sometime it is also called as transmitter. Message The secondary stage is creating message or idea and statement is to be communicated. A message can be verbal, text, number, picture etc. Medium [Communication channel] Medium is the intermediate of the communication channel. In other way medium is the technique which transmitted message from a sender to receiver. It is also called communication channel.   The source used in medium can be a wire, fibre or optical cable and telephone lines etc. Receiver Receiver is the person or the device which receives the message send by sender. The receiver can be a computer, printer, email or telephones etc. Protocol Protocols can be defined as a gathering of strategies which oversee correspondence of information between the PCs. Some protocol which are very commonly used in communication are HTTP(Hypertext transfer protocol), FTP(File transfer protocol), SSL(Secure socket layer) , TCP(Transmission control protocol),PPP(Point to point protocol). Identify the types of transmission:- Types of Transmissions Transmissions is transferring information between two devices. Basically there is three modes of transmissions i.e. simplex, half duplex, full duplex and these transmissions modes can also called as communication modes. However unicast, multicast, broadcast is also consider as transmissions. (Study tonight, n.d.) Simplex: In this mode data can be transmitted only via one way i.e. communication is unifacial. We cannot send back data to the Sender. The best example of simplex mode is Televisions and remotes. Half Duplex: In this mode data can be transferred from both sides but only one at a time, which means when the sender sends the data at the same time receiver cannot send the message to sender. For instance walkie talkie in which we transmit information one at a time and that information sent in the both ways. (Study tonight, n.d.) Full Duplex: In full duplex data can be transmitted from both directions, so it means it is two way communication. In this sender can sent message at the same time receiver also send message. The example of full duplex is Mobile phone in which both user can talk. (Study tonight, n.d.) Unicast:   Unicast is the transmission between a single sender and single receiver. For example browsing a website. Multicast: Multicasting is the transmission where a group of receivers wants to transmit with single sender. For example Wi-Fi in which there are multiple user access single medium i.e. Wi-Fi. Broadcast: Broadcasting is when we send message to multiple user and they all are able to read that same message this is called broadcasting. For watching T.V in which multiple user access a same program which is broadcast. Identify the types of transmission for the following use cases: Mr Smith is walking in the street and looking for a residence address. He is new in this city and do not understand the address code of residence. Then he asked a pedestrian Do you know where this is? This is the Unicasting transmission in which there is a new person ask to another person for address so it means there is single and single receiver. Lecturer said student with odd number student ID will join in STREM A. This is Multicasting transmission in which Lecturer is a sender and students with odd number are the group of receiver. Lecturer delivers the lecture in the class room. This is also Multicasting transmission in which lecturer is a sender and group of receiver is the student who access his lecture. Watching a TV. This Broadcasting transmission in which multiple user access same program. Two police men communicate with each other over walkie-talkie. This is the Half-duplex transmission in which a single information is transmitted at a time and information is send in the both ways. Mr John made a phone call to his wife that he will be late today. This is Full-Duplex transmission in which date is transmitted from both ways. (A) Describe the difference between packet and circuit switching. Circuit Switching When the two machine communicate over a specific communication path, it is called as circuit switching. There is always required pre-described route from where data should be move and no other data is allowed. In circuit switching to transmit the data firstly circuit must be established so that data can be transmitted. There are three phases from which all the application using circuit switching have to pass through: 1 Establish a circuit 2 Transfer the data 3 Disconnect the circuit Circuit switching was intended for voice applications. Phone is the best reasonable case of circuit switching. Prior to a client can make a call, a virtual way amongst guest and call is set up over the system. (Tutorials point, n.d.) Packet Switching (PS) In packet switching the whole message is separated into small pieces is known as packet switching. The switching data sum up in the header of each packet and exchange separated. It is always easier to all devices in the network which are intermediate with each other to store small size packets. As we can see in the figure packet can follow any path to reach the destination. Best suitable example for packet switching is internet. Packet switching the internet uses packet switching technique. Packet switching enables the user to differentiate data streams based on priorities. Packets are stored and forwarded according to their priority to provide quality of service.(Tutorials point, n.d.) DIFFRENCE BETWEEN PACKET SWITCHING AND CIRCUIT SWITCHING(rfwireless-world, n.d.) Describe the multiplexing Network. There are many multiplexing networks. Network multiplexing list is below. Time Division Multiplexing:- TDM is applied principally on digital signal yet can be applied to analog signal also. In TDM the common channel is isolated among its client by the method of the time slot. Every client can transmit information inside the given time slot only. Digital signals are isolated in frames, proportionate to time slot i.e. frames of an ideal size which can be transmitted in given time slot. Frequency-Division Multiplexing:- In FDM every signal is allocated its own particular frequency range inside a bigger frequency band. The frequency range for the channel cannot cover. Frequency bands are regularly isolated by an unused block of the frequency range to diminish interference. FDM is utilized mostly for simple transmissions. It can be utilized over both wired and remote mediums. The best example of FDM is FM radio. Code-Division Multiplexing:- Multiple data signal can be transmitted over a solitary frequency by utilizing code division multiplexing. FDM isolates frequency into the small channels yet CDM permit its clients to full bandwidth and transmit the signal all the time utilizing remarkable code. CDM always uses orthogonal codes to spread signals. Wave-Division Multiplexing:- Light has the diverse wavelength (colors). In fibre optic mode, various optical transporter signs are multiplexed into an optical fibre by utilizing diverse wavelengths. This is a simple multiplexing method and is done adroitly in an indistinguishable way from FDM, however, utilizes light assigns. Describe the Performance Factor. Latency:- The term Latency to any of a few sorts of postpones commonly brought about in handling of system information. A network connection that phases a little delay time is knows as low latency, on other side high latency is totally opposite of low latency in which network experienced long delay. Throughput: Throughput is the bulk of traffic which a network can tackle at any one time. For example higher the lanes on the motor way it will accommodate higher traffic as similar in the network if the bit rate is higher than it will transfer the data at higher rate but responding time would be the issue if the response is slow then your network might be not having the enough throughput. (Blog Wildpackets, n.d.) Bandwidth:- Bandwidth is defined as a range with in a band of frequencies or wavelengths (Webopedia, n.d.). Bandwidth describes the speed rate of the network and the maximum data is transfer if the bandwidth of the network is higher. Jitter:- Jitter is basically delaying of packets to reaches its destination at different time and the order in which packets were send may be disorder. In other words loss of voice packets while communicating with other person is caused by the jitter. Response time:- Response time is the elapsed time between an inquiry on a system and the response to that inquiry. (Techopedia, n.d.) Response time is the time that shows the users are accurately exchanging the information or devices are connect with each other. Describe the types of network based on geographical. Local Area Networks (LAN):- A Local Area Networks (LAN) as name shows it will cover only a local area a smaller part of an area like a small office, school or a house. A LAN transfer data at much higher than MAN WAN. A LAN can be install in two ways either wired or wireless based on Ethernet. Sharing of storage, printer and common files is possible on LAN but there is the possibility of conjunction because if all the users access these resource on the same time on the single LAN then it will take some time.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€š   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚     Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   (Udemy, n.d.) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):- Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) usually cover the larger area as compared to LAN. It will cover the cities or small towns or organization to provide higher speed of data transmission. MAN is used when you want to connect two or more computer to communicate with effective speed. The technologies used in MAN is ATM (Asynchronies Transfer Mode), FDDI (Fibre Distributed Data Interface) etc. (Udemy, n.d.) Wide Area Network (WAN):- Wide Area Network (WAN) is usually cover higher geographical are like cities, countries, towns. WAN is the mixture of the LAN and MAN which are interconnect with each other so that the user who wants to communicate from different places are able to send data or information at higher speed. WAN is connected through satellite, public network etc. WAN is usually very expensive as compared to other networks. (Udemy, n.d.) Blog Wildpackets. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://blog.wildpackets.com/: http://blog.wildpackets.com/2011/05/31/four-factors-that-affect-your-network-performance.html rfwireless-world. (n.d.). Retrieved from rfwireless-world.com: http://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/circuit-switching-vs-packet-switching.html Study tonight. (n.d.). Studytonight. Retrieved from Studytonight.com: http://www.studytonight.com/computer-networks/transmission-mode Techopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.techopedia.com: https://www.techopedia.com/definition/9181/response-time Tutorials point. (n.d.). Retrieved from tutorialspoint.com: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/data_communication_computer_network/physical_layer_switching.htm Udemy. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://blog.udemy.com: https://blog.udemy.com/lan-wan-man/ Webopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.webopedia.com: http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/B/bandwidth.html

War and Terror - It’s Time to Stop the Killing :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

War and Terror - It’s Time to Stop the Killing Somewhere within the last 120,000 thousand years, our ancestors began migrations quite different from any that appear in the archeological record preceding that time and somewhere between forty and fifty thousand years ago those migrations accelerated to the point that Cro Magnon hominids, our forebears, settled every nook and cranny on the planet. The last major migration occurred when the land bridge opened up in Siberia, as the glacier receded ten thousand years ago, and Homo Sapiens, who our species had become by then, trudged all the way to Tierra del Fuego within a thousand years or so. Jared Diamond (â€Å"The Third Chimpanzee† & â€Å"Guns, Germs, and Steel†) makes a case for some biological change, probably related to speech, as the variable making such migrations possible. He also makes the observation that these human migrations were coincident with the extinction of large mammals. The archeological evidence seems to bear this out. All over the planet there is fossil evidence of the extinction of one large mammal after another at approximately the same time the human migrations happened in that part of the world. Some scientists speculate that the cause of these extinctions is more complicated than the fact that they are coincident with the expansion of the number of humans and they are probably right; but something of major proportions in the evolution of our species definitely changed to allow humans to sweep across all but the most uninhabitable places on earth in a relatively short period of time. Dr. Diamond is careful to temper his speculation with the caution that all the facts are not yet in, and probably never will be, I might add. As a biology-oriented scientist, he continues to look to some physical/anatomical change to account for the advances made by humans resulting in our capacity to take on the unknown dangers lying beyond the next range of mountains or across the next river. For a couple of million years humans had evolved fairly slowly toward that point when a â€Å"great leap† occurred in the pace of our development. Anatomically we are about the same now as we have been for the last 125,000 years, so the guess is that some language advancement made the difference. Linguists have traced the capacity to speak back through a few proto languages to a point where the development of the ability to speak gets lost War and Terror - It’s Time to Stop the Killing :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays War and Terror - It’s Time to Stop the Killing Somewhere within the last 120,000 thousand years, our ancestors began migrations quite different from any that appear in the archeological record preceding that time and somewhere between forty and fifty thousand years ago those migrations accelerated to the point that Cro Magnon hominids, our forebears, settled every nook and cranny on the planet. The last major migration occurred when the land bridge opened up in Siberia, as the glacier receded ten thousand years ago, and Homo Sapiens, who our species had become by then, trudged all the way to Tierra del Fuego within a thousand years or so. Jared Diamond (â€Å"The Third Chimpanzee† & â€Å"Guns, Germs, and Steel†) makes a case for some biological change, probably related to speech, as the variable making such migrations possible. He also makes the observation that these human migrations were coincident with the extinction of large mammals. The archeological evidence seems to bear this out. All over the planet there is fossil evidence of the extinction of one large mammal after another at approximately the same time the human migrations happened in that part of the world. Some scientists speculate that the cause of these extinctions is more complicated than the fact that they are coincident with the expansion of the number of humans and they are probably right; but something of major proportions in the evolution of our species definitely changed to allow humans to sweep across all but the most uninhabitable places on earth in a relatively short period of time. Dr. Diamond is careful to temper his speculation with the caution that all the facts are not yet in, and probably never will be, I might add. As a biology-oriented scientist, he continues to look to some physical/anatomical change to account for the advances made by humans resulting in our capacity to take on the unknown dangers lying beyond the next range of mountains or across the next river. For a couple of million years humans had evolved fairly slowly toward that point when a â€Å"great leap† occurred in the pace of our development. Anatomically we are about the same now as we have been for the last 125,000 years, so the guess is that some language advancement made the difference. Linguists have traced the capacity to speak back through a few proto languages to a point where the development of the ability to speak gets lost

Experiences of Child Poverty Essay

London is the capital of the United Kingdom. The administrative structure in Greater London consists of 32 counties (boroughs) and the City of London, extending over 1584 kilometers  ². The population of London is around 7.5 million however throughout Greater London about 13 million people live. The GDP per capita for The UK is $36,500. London is the richest part of Britain and yet it has the highest rates of poverty in the UK. Lagos is the largest city in Nigeria. With an estimated population of 8.8 million inhabitants in the city, or rather 10.7 million in the metropolitan area, Lagos is the second largest city in Africa. The UN estimates that at its present growth rate, Lagos state will be third largest mega city in the world by 2015 after Tokyo in Japan and Mumbai in India. Lagos is the main city of the south-western part of Nigeria, Africa. The GDP per capita in Lagos is $3,649. Over 10,000 people arrive at Lagos every week in search of jobs and most end up in the city’ s mega slum do to the lack of job opportunity. Children living in poverty are those who experience deprivation of the material, spiritual and emotional resources needed to survive, develop and thrive, leaving them unable to enjoy their lives, achieve their full potential or participate as full members of society. The easiest way to quantify child poverty is by setting an absolute or relative monetary threshold. If a family does not earn above that threshold, the children of that family will be considered to live below the poverty line. Absolute poverty thresholds are fixed, whereas relative poverty thresholds are developed with reference to the actual income of the population and reflect changes in consumption. This is not always accurate, as it is only an average and there are people earning millions who affect that average GDP per capita. In poor areas of London there are many problems that face children. The poor areas tend to be in places that lack jobs and job opportunities e.g. Hackney, Such poor areas can really affect the child’s life due to their living conditions. These children are living in relative poverty as they do have access to clean water, food and shelter which is provided by the state, but are considered poor to the rest of society as they can’t afford luxuries and normally depend upon benefits to get though life. These areas that lack job opportunities have high unemployment rates and so people have low incomes and often relate to crime as it is the culture of the area and people feel they do not get enough support from the government and feel let down and ignored. These poor areas are prime spots for drug dealers and drug addicts. This is significantly bad as they have a low income and so can’t afford the drugs and so they use the money which would have been spent on the children E.g. quality food. Rather than spending the money on better quality food they spend it on the drugs they are dependent on as they are addicted and so the child looses out as they tend to be mall nourished. Being mall nourished can increase the chances of becoming ill which then in turn means the child is less likely to spend time in school as they are off ill. This then affects their learning and they under achieve which means they have a less chance of ever getting a job and so they are trapped in the poverty cycle. It is then rely difficult for the children to break out of the poverty cycle due to many factors that affect them. Whereas Children living in the slums of Lagos also suffer from poverty, however the majority live in absolute poverty as they do not always have access to clean water, food and shelter, for example these children don’t have access to clean water and so most of the water is contaminated with diseases like cholera. Allot of children catch cholera from drinking dirty water which makes them ill and as most of the children have no access to health care due to their parents being born they can remain ill for a long time and it can be fatal. Being ill means they cannot help to provide for the family and the money being spent on their health cannot be spent on other vital things like basic food stuffs. It is hard to get out of both cases of poverty; however the children in the slums of Lagos are worse off and have a lower standard of living than the children living in Hackney. The majority of children living in poverty in Lagos are born to poor parents. Because of things like adult poverty, lack of education, unemployment, disabilities and discrimination significantly affect the causes of child poverty. Lack of parental economic resources such as disposable income restricts children’s opportunities and therefore the children are unable to go to school and allot of these children are forced to work. The problem is that allot of these jobs where children are forced to work are very dangerous and can cause injuries, health problems and even death. E.g. the recycling of old oil drums that contain harmful toxins. The main reason why the children in Hackney are trapped in the poverty cycle is because of the parents/Careers as well. The cycle of poverty is when a family remains in poverty over many successive generations. Family issues can play a big part in the reason for the child being submitted to a life of poverty. If the parents get in debt then this can be the cause of allot of stress, this can also cause the child to have stress which can affect their learning ability and health. Stress can also cause breakups between couples; this can lead to single mothers who are left on their own to support the child and themselves, which can also lead to father stress. Most single parents are unemployed because they haft to look after the children and so they rely on benefits. Teen pregnancies in both MEDC’s and LEDC’s are big causes of child poverty. Children resulting from unwanted pregnancies are more likely to live in poverty; raising a child requires allot of resources, so each additional child increases demands on parental resources. Families raised by a single parent are generally poorer than those raised by couples. This can be a big issue in LEDC countries such as Lagos. Many teens abandon their children as they simply do not have the resources available to support their child as they cannot claim benefits as they do not exist. Where as in MEDC’s, teen moms are supported by the government and family. The problem in Lagos is that children generally suffer from absolute poverty; however there is also relative poverty. With absolute poverty children generally do not have what they need. They are short of basic food, water, shelter, clothing and adequate or sufficient health care. Where as in Hackney people do not suffer from absolute poverty and so are better off, however they live in relative poverty that is poverty under relative terms is viewed as being what some people lack in relation to other people. In my opinion the worst experience of child poverty in Lagos would be the lack of Clean water which causes a significant amount of deaths and illnesses and affects the family as a whole as the money used to pay for the child’s healthcare comes from the money normally spent on other necessities like food or education. The government of Nigeria could provide communities with wells however it would cost a phenomenal amount of money , and the majority of the people don’t live on legal grounds as they have just moved there and have not actually paid to live there and so the government would not be allowed to build wells as most of the people don’t have permition to live there in the first place. The worst experiences for children living in Hackney would be the culture of the area and so children grow up with crime related experiences, this then means that most of the children get brought up with crime and this can keep them in the poverty cycle. The government of Britain could increase prison sentences and increase policing in these areas. This policy would be expensive however it would increase the standards of living for these people and help them get out of relative poverty. Both cases of poverty affect the child’s opportunities in life. This means they are limited jobs available to them or unemployment if there is a lack of job opportunities. There future generations will probably also live in poverty, whether absolute or relative. They will rarely experience if at all the luxuries and experiences we take for granted. Their only hope getting out of poverty is if the government adopts a poverty reduction strategy paper (PRSP) and use schemes like the growth of the cities and urban development, employment opportunities and poverty reduction and housing schemes. Also the best way to reduce child poverty would be to reduce child labour and increase accessibility to education by building more schools and improving the quality of education. This is a key point that governments need to adopt in order to reduce child poverty and help break the poverty cycle.

Chemistry Personal Statement Essays

Chemistry Personal Statement Essays Chemistry Personal Statement Essay Chemistry Personal Statement Essay Students who are studying their Masters course would already know the significance of writing an appealing Chemistry personal statement. They have had their share of experience of writing these difficult statements just like any other undergraduate. A personal statement or a statement of purpose helps the applicant in distinguishing his application from dozens of other candidates who have applied for the same course. It provides a huge opportunity to the candidate to leave aside his academic test scores and impress the board with his/her unique skills, qualities and personality. Even a student with high test scores or GPA cannot certainly feel confident in getting the seat in the university. Therefore, the only way one can ensure a seat in the university is by setting himself apart by submitting an appealing and attractive chemistry personal statement. Dozens of applications get rejected each year because of poorly written content and poorly defined thoughts. Students will only be able to impress the board of the university if they consider it carefully what sorts of ideas should be included in the statement and how to express those ideas in an appealing manner. This may probably seem quite intimidating at first but once you sit down and pen down those ideas in a proper order you will see that how easy it is to write a good statement. It is also recommended that every applicant should make an outline so that he can gather and express his thoughts in an effective manner. First outline the introduction of the statement and consider including those important elements in it that can catch the attention of the board. For example, you can start with your childhood dream to become a chemical engineer. While outlining the elements that are to be included in the body section of the statement, consider those points that needs a complete description. For instance, you can link the academic qualification with your interest in the chemistry field and how that qualification can help you become a great chemical engineer. You can also include any experiences that you have gained in this field after completing the undergraduate course. Remember that four important elements that a great personal statement includes such as the applicant’s motivation for seeking chemistry degree, his aspiration, work experience and qualities that relates to that field. While writing a personal statement keep one thing in mind that you need to put forth evidence of your skills and qualities that you claim to possess. You can use that outline to create the first draft. Do not edit the draft while writing because editing and revision can be done later. Do not worry about anything and just let your creativity do the work. Once the statement is completely written, revise it and see if it meets with the given word count requirement.

The My Lai Massacre of the Vietnam War

The My Lai Massacre of the Vietnam War On March 16, 1968, United States Army troops murdered several hundred Vietnamese civilians at the villages of My Lai and My Khe during the Vietnam War. The victims were mostly elderly men, women and children and all non-combatants. Many were also sexually assaulted, tortured or mutilated in one of the most horrifying atrocities of the entire bloody conflict. The official death toll, according to the US government, was 347, though the Vietnamese government asserts that 504 villagers were massacred. In either case, it took months for U.S. officials to catch wind of the actual events of that day, later filing court-martials against 14 officers present during the massacre yet only convicting the second lieutenant to four months in military prison. What Went Wrong at My Lai? The My Lai Massacre took place early in the Tet Offensive, a major push by the Communist Viet Cong  - National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam  - forces to drive out the South Vietnamese government troops and the U.S. Army. In response, the U.S. Army initiated a program of attacking villages that were suspected of harboring or sympathizing with the Viet Cong. Their mandate was to burn houses, kill off livestock and spoil crops and pollute wells in order to deny food, water and shelter to the V.C. and their sympathizers. The 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment, 11th Brigade of the 23rd Infantry Division, Charlie Company, had suffered almost 30 attacks via booby-trap or land mine, resulting in numerous injuries and five deaths. When Charlie Company received its orders to clear out possible V.C. sympathizers in My Lai, Colonel Oran Henderson authorized his officers to go in there aggressively, close with the enemy and wipe them out for good. Whether the soldiers were ordered to kill women and children is a subject of dispute; certainly, they were authorized to kill suspects as well as combatants but by this point in the war Charlie Company evidently suspected all Vietnamese of collaborating - even 1-year-old babies. The Massacre at My Lai When the American troops entered My Lai, they did not find any Viet Cong soldiers or weapons. Nonetheless, the platoon led by Second Lieutenant William Calley began to fire at what they claimed was an enemy position. Soon, Charlie Company was shooting indiscriminately at any person or animal that moved. Villagers who tried to surrender were shot or bayoneted. A large group of people were herded to an irrigation ditch and mowed down with automatic weapons fire. Women were gang-raped, babies shot at point-blank range and some of the corpses had C Company carved into them with bayonets. Reportedly, when one soldier refused to kill the innocents, Lt. Calley took his weapon away and used it to massacre a group of 70 to 80 villagers. After the initial slaughter, the 3rd Platoon went out to conduct a mop-up operation, which meant killing any of the victims who were still moving amongst the piles of dead. The villages were then burned to the ground. The Aftermath of My Lai: Initial reports of the so-called battle at My Lai claimed that 128 Viet Cong and 22 civilians were killed -   General Westmoreland  even congratulated Charlie Company for their work and the Stars and Stripes magazine lauded the attack. Several months later, though, soldiers who had been present at My Lai but refused to take part in the massacre began to blow the whistle on the true nature and scale of the atrocity. Privates Tom Glen and Ron Ridenhour sent letters to their commanding officers, the State Department, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and President Nixon exposing Charlie Companys deeds. In November of 1969, the news media got wind of the My Lai story. Journalist Seymour Hersh conducted extensive interviews with Lt. Calley, and the American public responded with revulsion to the details as they slowly filtered out. In November of 1970, the US Army began court-martial proceedings against 14 officers charged with participating in or covering up the My Lai Massacre. In the end, only Lt. William Calley was convicted and sentenced to life in prison for premeditated murder. Calley would serve only four and a half months in military prison, however. The My Lai Massacre is a chilling reminder of what can happen when soldiers cease to regard their opponents as human. It is one of the worst known atrocities of the war in Vietnam.

Development of Miami city Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Development of Miami city - Research Paper Example The president did not like the controller tower to be destroyed, so it was left till now in the campus compound. This tower was later star as Florida international ivory tower. With an increase in number of students who wanted to pursue education, it called for the establishment growth in terms of facilities and structures. Presently, Florida international university is considered to be among the first and largest university in United States of America. However. This was characteristic to as far as it was able to produce good students who were experience to work. FIU produced elite who was able to meet the demands of employers.The group looked or worked to meet the demands of its client (students); therefore, spirits of entrepreneur were born in the institution, this lead to the establishment of some new technique that related to management and business. The school was officially opened in 1972 with five thousand six hundred and sixty seven students. The institution provided a variet y of faculties both full time and part time.Later in 1976, Hartod Crosby was elected to be the next president, accepting to benefit the basis for three year period interim. During his leadership, the company expanded and opened a north campus. The president made numerous progresses to the university, such as implementing new programs that made individual students perform better. In addition, some courses within the hospital were looked into, for example, the program the president made with the Latin America and Caribbean.

The Taika Reform Edicts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Taika Reform Edicts - Essay Example During this time, the empire experienced great concord with less fractiousness among the people. After a period, common clan names such as Omi, Muraji and Uji took over the titles of Gods and emperors. â€Å"In recent times, however, the names, first of the Gods, and then of the Emperors, have in some cases been separated (from their proper application) and converted into the  Uji  of Omi or  Muraji, [common clan names in Japan]† This separation resulted to some consequences and strong partisan bias among the people in the entire country. The monarchy system was centralized, and the clans seem to be an obstacle to this system hence pushing for decentralization of the ruling system in the Japanese state. This decentralization is in the form of selfish interests by the clans. The minds of people have become unsettled, which has made the government unable to carry on with its functions. Japanese elites such as Muraji 12, Omi 11, Kuni no Moyakko 2 and Tomo no Miyakko 5 came up with a set of their own vassals (Varley, 2003). These vassals have been compelled to labor at their arbitrary pleasure (Varley, 2003). Moreover, the seas, hills, ponds, rice fields, woods and plains have been cut off and assigned them to their provinces and to themselves (Varley, 2003).. This has resulted to some kind of contest among the elites and the leaders. It is evident also that the elites have gone further to make people pay taxes to them instead of the government. They first take their share and later take the leftovers to the central government. The Japanese state had few people, in regards to the whole population, and instead of benefiting from their own land and resources; they are cut off and sold to them at high prices. The resources that had been shared by the clans are regulated, and an elderman appointed in each ward. In addition, the population is registered and re-granting of land distribution provided to the

Operations And Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Operations And Operations Management - Essay Example Certainly, all major serviceable areas of an organisation are somehow tangled; all interrelate with and supply support for the others, and the limitations are not for all time obvious among them. Slack (2004, Pg 9-10) suggests that the Operations Team is accountable for the everyday operations of the organisation counting scheduling jobs, coordinating service or goods transfers, updating or loading information, and monitoring organisation performance and security. ''Operations management,'' then, points to making the customary managerial purposes (development, organizing, directing, and scheming) on the organisation 's operations. ... Workforce personnel are accountable chiefly for arranging suggestions concerning the setting up, organizing, and control of operations, while process workers have the genuine ability to conduct the operations (Johnston, 1999, Pg 12-13). In Operations management, according to Johnston (1994, Pg 49-50), a great deal is made of the leader's responsibility in locating the idea, correspondence, engaging in the processes, situation and preserving prospects, and holding his or her answerability. A good deal also is made of nurturing accomplishments at the grassroots stage- authorizing employees to take actions, taking benefits of their additional precise awareness of the customer and market inclinations, importance given to employees from technical proficiency, and pulling down the organisation to go faster in decision-making. During conversion of organisation 's resources into services or goods, the occupied Operations manager must create the hardest options. It is most frequently the manager's judgment to modify a procedure that puts the jobs of a group of employees at danger because employees may not have the systematic skills to job successfully in the fresh progression. And it is the Operation manager's accountability to converse with those workers; to talk about the value on their jobs; to offer the foundation, resources, and alternatives accessible to employees; and to be rigid about the modifications while empathetic about the value. (Slack, 2004, Pg 36-37) If a purpose is recognized as more professionally and with a reduction of expenses carried out by a service provider, the Operations manager plays a position in that assessment and

Piaget’s Cognitive development theory Essay Example for Free

Piaget’s Cognitive development theory Essay Jean Piaget and his theory of the stages of cognitive development have made significant contributions to a wide cross-section of disciplines including educational psychology and applied developmental psychology. Though his original theory has undergone some amount of changes, the basic tenets are still applicable in understanding how humans develop progressively from birth to adulthood. Several theorists have criticized Piaget’s theory and have proposed alternative approaches to explaining human development. Other theorists have espoused Piaget’s theory with few modifications or additions to the original theory. Nevertheless his theory of cognitive development has had a tremendous impact on developmental psychology and will continue to represent a valid theory in helping to understand the nature and stages of human development. The field of applied developmental psychology has and will continue to benefit from the views put forward by Piaget. Biography of Jean Piaget Jean Piaget was born in Neuchatel, Switzerland on August 9, 1896 to what he described as a ‘tumultuous family environment. From an early age Piaget showed signs of having superior intelligence and acquired an interest in several fields of study including psychoanalytic theory, philosophy, mechanics and natural history. At the very young age of ten he published a study on mollusks (malacology). Several years later, in 1917 he published a philosophical novel. His intellectual and research accomplishments thereafter are numerous. In 1918, at only 21 years of age he obtained his doctoral degree in Biology from the University of Neuchatel continuing his study of mollusks in his thesis. His interest in philosophy and psychology led him to Zurich where he worked with mental patients while studying psychoanalytic theory. His interest in child developmental psychology began in Paris with his work in a laboratory at a grade school. Here he worked along with Alfred Binet, who headed the laboratory, in standardizing reasoning tests for Paris children. He became curious about the thought processes of children that influenced them producing either the correct or incorrect answers. Piaget published a number of articles discussing the research he conducted here. In 1921 Piaget was made director of studies at the Institut J. J. Rousseau in Geneva. In 1923 he married Valentine Chatenay with whom he had three children. He continued his study of child psychology and later published five books on the topic. His background in Biology had a significant amount of influence in his research (Slavin, 2000). These publications subsequently distinguished him in this field of study. His academic and administrative appointments saw him working at the University of Geneva, the Sorbonne, the Institut des Sciences de l’Education, and the Bureau International de l’Education. He is also noted to have founded and directed a center for philosophers and psychologists called the Centre d’Epistemologie Genetique. He worked along with several other researchers including Alina Szeminska, Barbel Inhelder, and Marcel Lambercier. Among the research topics that he conducted extensive studies on have been noted the notions of number, physical quantity, and space; manipulation of objects; and the development of perception. These areas collaboratively contributed to his theory of cognitive development. His platform of study was both at the professional and personal level. It is widely known that he conducted detailed observations of his three children Jacqueline, Lucienne and Laurent throughout their infant and language development years. His wife, herself a psychologist, also worked along with him during his observations, recording the behaviors of their children (Fischer Hencke, 1996). Piaget’s contributions to the field of developmental psychological are indeed considerable and have been widely acknowledged. He was awarded the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award in 1969 by the American Psychological Association for his contributions. At his death in Geneva on September 16, 1980, Piaget had written and published more than 40 books and over 100 articles or chapters dealing with the topic of child psychology. His earliest works include The Origins of Intelligence in Children (1936/1952), The Construction of Reality in the Child (1937/1954) and Play, Dreams, and Imitation in Childhood (1945/1951) (Fischer Hencke, 1996). To date his research is believed to have made the single most important contribution to developmental psychology (Slavin, 2000; Beilin, 1992) and to a large extent the field of cognitive development psychology was founded primarily on his work (Goswami, 2001, p. 259). Piaget’s theory of cognitive development Piaget sought to describe how development occurs from the moment of birth unto adulthood and the cognitive changes that occur as physical development takes place. Using his background in Biology and his knowledge of the way organisms behave relative to their environment, Piaget sought to explain how children think along these lines. Piaget’s position that children construct knowledge based on these processes was in antithesis to behaviorist orientation which suggested that behavior was molded exclusively by external environmental forces. Piaget’s theory was more constructivist in nature proposing that each child is actively involved in constructing his own reality. Construction of knowledge, Piaget argued, was facilitated via the interaction of the processes of adaptation, accommodation, assimilation and equilibration. Piaget commenced by proposing that children are born with a natural inclination to interact with and a need to understand their environment (Slavin, 2000). From the earliest stage children develop mental patterns that guide their behavior, what Piaget calls schemes. Schemes are used to â€Å"find out about and act in the world† (Slavin, 2000, p. 30). The goal of intellectual development, according to Piaget, was towards adaptation where existing schemes are adjusted in response to modifications in the environment. As new situations arise children either incorporate new objects or events into existing schemes through assimilation or they adjust existing schemes when new objects and events do not fit into those existing schemes in the process of accommodation. When unfamiliar situations arise a state of disequilibrium ensues and the processes of accommodation and assimilation facilitate the return to equilibrium where balance is restored between existing understanding and new experiences – the process of equilibration (Slavin, 2000). The dimensions of the theory Piaget believed that children passed through four different stages of development that are defined by different characteristic features from birth to adulthood. Piaget proposed that each child moves progressively through each of the stages of cognitive development as they mature physically. The four distinct stages of cognitive development that Piaget has specified are the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational periods. He also gives an estimate as to the age at which each child will enter either stage. Wakefield (1996) points out, though, that â€Å"the age range for each stage is only an average† a child may enter a specific stage earlier or later than that estimated by Piaget. However, each child, Piaget argues, must pass through each of these stages of development in the specified order and no child can skip a particular stage. It must also be noted here that his theory is necessarily universal as it examines only how all children will progress and does not seek to analyze individual differences among children. The sensorimotor period represents a child zero (0) to two (2) years old. The main aspects of this stage Slavin (2000) summarizes as where â€Å"infants learn about their surroundings by using their senses and motor skills†. Piaget believes that each child is born with some built in mechanisms and tendencies and these he labels as reflexes. Because a newborn child has not yet developed a concept of his environment, his initial response to this environment up to one month old is instinctive. These reflexes, however, soon become the basis through which the child acquires new perspectives and behaviors (schemes) in an attempt to learn about and understand his environment. From birth to one month children begin to establish schemes as they commence the processing of interacting with and understanding their environment. Initially displaying behaviors by simple reflex children soon begin to modify these reflexes. From one to four months children attempt to reproduce recurring themes in their schemas. Children later begin to establish repetitive patterns in behavior and to associate different behaviors with different schemes. Examples include an infant crying when hungry and laughing when happy. The period two to four months Fischer and Silvern (1985) notes as when the child is developing the ability to intelligently adapt individual actions such as grasping a rattle (p. 634). Between four and eight months children are more object-oriented paying more attention to objects in their external environment, becoming more observant and less preoccupied with issues related to themselves such as hunger and sleep. Children begin to display more coordination in their schemes. From eight to 12 months children become aware of what they want and begin to construct their own schemas in order to achieve their goals. Behaviors are now more deliberate, carried out with a particular purpose in view. From 12 to 18 months children they are exploring new possibilities with objects in their environment. A child’s action at this stage is very experimental using trial and error to discover new schemas. From 18 to 24 months children begin to transition from this stage to the second preoperational stage. They are developing the ability to function using symbolic representations. Of course a child at the sensorimotor stage may not necessarily be able to fully understand every new thing that he perceives in his environment. Wakefield (1996) comments that, even though a child is unable to perform some amount of logical thinking at this stage, there is still some attempt to understand his environment through the use of his sense perceptions and motor skills. The preoperational stage is between ages two and seven years approximately. At this second stage children begin to be able to use symbols to represent things mentally by associating those new things with objects they are familiar with. While they are a little more developed cognitively than the earlier stage they still have a very narrow view of their environment. Within this stage, from age two to four years a child is relatively egocentric believing that everyone else sees things from their perspective. They also possess some amount of animism, believing that objects have characteristics similar to living things such as the ability to move. From age four to seven children further develop their reasoning capacities even though their thought processes are not completely logical. They have difficulty, however, with the concepts of centration and conservation. Slavin (2000) explains these concepts by illustrating that in this stage a child does not understand that the amount of milk in a tall glass is the same when it is poured into a shallower container nor are they able to realize that an object painted a different color is still the same object. The third stage of cognitive development is the concrete operational stage which covers children aged seven to eleven. At this stage children, while experiencing difficult thinking in abstract, are able to form concepts and solve problems. Of course they must be able to relate such operations to already familiar objects or situations in order for them to function properly. They are now able to understand and apply the principles of conservation and centration. Their reasoning is also considerably more logical and can show interrelations between different objects and classes of objects. They are still limited, however, in that they are unable to reason in abstract terms but need concrete circumstances and examples as guides. A child in the final formal operational stage, lasting from age eleven (11) to adulthood, is now able to reason in abstract and to conceptualize situations beyond what they can see and touch. They have now developed the capacity to perform reasoning about events, actions or objects that they cannot see or that are strictly hypothetical and they are also able to use deductive reasoning. They begin to devise plans to solve problems and test their hypothesis against a variety of options. Piaget’s stratification of cognitive development into different stages has considerable implications particularly for educational goals. Because children are able only after having moved through certain stages, to manipulate certain tasks and to be effective in certain cognitive activities, learning situations must be structured so that they match the developmental stages. Education must therefore be developmentally appropriate to the abilities of the child and attempts should be made to help children, as they progress from one stage to the next, to manipulate the operations inherent at each stage. Piaget’s view of cognitive development has been quite formidable and influential in helping researchers understand the processes at work at different stages and ages. There have, however, been several criticisms of the model. One of the major criticisms has focused on the presumed universality of the stages that Piaget describes. He supposes that every child, irrespective of situational context, will go through these stages at a prescribed time and that the principles are therefore applicable to all children everywhere. Some researchers have noted, however, that the rate and stage of development is not at all universal. The ages that Piaget initially suggested as delineating each stage are therefore thought of as rough estimates and children can enter and exit each stage either earlier or later than initially prescribed. Another concern that was raised with regards to Piaget’s theory was that it suggested that as the child progressed through the stages that the abilities at the lower stage no longer become useful or necessary. Piaget later clarified, however, that the concrete thinking and other abilities at the lower stage are not only essential before a child is able to progress to more complex thinking but they are also persistent over time and that a child never loses the lower abilities. He suggests that over time certain tasks become automatic, almost instinctive, but they are still essential even in the later stages of development. Further Piaget’s original theory had not considered the potential impact that the environment may have in impacting behavior. His initial argument much to anti-behaviorist and thus the power of environmental factors to shape behavior was almost ignored. Even though he accounted for these influences in his explanations of the process of adaptation and equilibration, he did not focus much on this aspect. Researchers have found that various social and environmental factors can have a considerable impact on a child’s development. They propose that a child can enter a stage earlier and progress through that stage much quicker than others based on the stimuli available in his environment. Similarly a child’s development may be significantly retarded if adequate stimuli are not provided in the environment. A child would therefore progress through stages later and at a slower pace. The behaviorist position that the environment matters is therefore not completely invalid and their view of the potential influence of the external environment in shaping behavior has some merit. Despite this failure to fully acknowledge and explain the relevance and impact of environmental factors in facilitating knowledge construction based on reality and even though the theory seems to emphasize universal stages of development, Fischer and Hencke (1996) believe that Piaget with his cognitive development theory is notably still the most influential researcher and theorist on developmental that the twentieth century has seen (Fischer Hencke, 1996, p. 09). Current research Several theorists have arisen in more recent times to expand on Piaget’s original theory, to propose modifications on the areas of weakness or to suggest a complete new approach to understanding cognitive development. Among those worthy of mention are Robbie Case, Kurt Fischer, Michael Shayer and Juan Pascual-Leone. Robbie Case is a neo-Piagetian who agrees with Piaget’s general position that children go through developmental stages. Case also agrees with Piaget that each stage is delineated based on age and is representative of the changing ways that children are able to mentally represent reality and how they process information in their brains. Case also supports that cognitive development occurs in four stages commencing from when a child is around one month old until the period of adulthood. Within each stage he also recognizes substages of development postulating, like Piaget that each successive stage is a continuation or a building on to the former (Sternberg, 1987, p. 08). Beginning in the mid-nineteen seventies Case began to propose alternative interpretations of the stage development theory. He has developed some characteristics in his new theory that are not in complete alignment with original Piagetian thought. His first area of departure is with relation to the way that information is processed in the brain throughout the stages.